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Immigration and the Politics of
American Sovereignty, 1890–1990
Immigration and the
Politics of American
Sovereignty, 1890–1990
Cheryl Shanks
Ann Arbor
Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2001
All rights reserved
Published in the United States of America by
The University of Michigan Press
Manufactured in the United States of America
c Printed on acid-free paper
2004 2003 2002 2001 4321
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise,
without the written permission of the publisher.
A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shanks, Cheryl, date
Immigration and the politics of American sovereignty, 1890–1990 /
Cheryl Shanks.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-472-11204-X (Cloth : alk. paper)
1. United States—Emigration and immigration—Government policy.
2. Emigration and immigration law—United States—History.
I. Title.
JV6483 .S536 2002
325.73'09'04—dc21
2001001223
Contents
Acknowledgments
vii
1. Introduction
1
2. Arguments about Immigrants
10
3. Whether to Exclude
31
4. Whom to Exclude: The Quota Acts
55
5. Whom to Exclude: The McCarran-Walter Act
96
6. Whom to Exclude, Whom to Prefer: The Immigration
Reform Act of 1965
144
7. Whom to Exclude, Whom to Prefer: IRCA and the
1990 Reforms
187
8. Domestic Interests as Explanations
230
9. Structural Theories as Explanations
245
10. Conclusion: Sovereignty, Things, and People
268
Appendixes
285
Notes
295
Bibliography
339
Index
379
Acknowledgments
I have incurred debts, some quite great. I thank above all Ronnie Gruhn
and Harold Jacobson. I am indebted as well to comments I received from
Barbara Anderson, Lars-Erik Cederman, David L. Chappell, Matthew
Evangelista, Eric Gampel, Ellen Gordon, James Holli‹eld, and A. F. K.
Organski. My research was aided in various ways by the Center for Politi-
cal Studies at the Institute for Social Research, the Immigration and Natu-
ralization Service, the Institute for the Study of World Politics, the
National Archives, Rackham Graduate School, and colleagues at Williams
College and the Oakley Center for the Humanities and Social Sciences.
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