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ChristiansandJews
intheOttoman
ArabWorld
TheRootsofSectarianism
BRUCEMASTERS
WesleyanUniversity
publishedbythepresssyndicateoftheuniversityofcambridge
ThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
cambridgeuniversitypress
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB22RU,UK
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RuizdeAlarco
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n13,28014Madrid,Spain
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CambridgeUniversityPress2001
Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2001
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
TypefaceTimes10/12ptSystem3b2 [ce]
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Masters,BruceAlan,1950±
ChristiansandJewsintheOttomanArabworld:therootsofsectarianism/BruceMasters.
p. cm.±(CambridgestudiesinIslamiccivilization)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0521803330
1.Christians±Arabcountries±History. 2.Jews±Arabcountries±History.
3.Turkey±History±OttomanEmpire,1288±1918. 4. Islam±Relations±Christianity.
5.Christianityandotherreligions±Islam. 6.Islam±Relations±Judaism.
7.Judaism±Relations±Islam. I.Title. II.Series.
DS59.C48M372001
305.6
'
09569±dc2100±067486
ISBN0521803330hardback
ForRussandSheilaMurphy
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Contents
Acknowledgments page
Noteontransliterationandterms
Introduction
1Thelimitsoftolerance:thesocialstatusofnon-Muslimsinthe
OttomanArablands
2TheOttomanArabworld:adiversityofsectsandpeoples
3Merchantsandmissionariesintheseventeenthcentury:the
Westintrudes
4Newopportunitiesandchallengesinthe``long''eighteenthcentury
5Intercommunaldissonanceinthenineteenthcentury
6Afterthe``events'':thesearchforcommunityinthe
twilightofempire
conclusionThechangingboundariesofpoliticalcommunity
intheOttomanArabworld
Glossary
200
Bibliography
202
Index
218
ix
Acknowledgments
Thisworkwasalongtimeinthemaking.Itsoriginslieinseveraldifferent
researchprojectsonunrelatedaspectsofthehistoryofAleppoandSyria.
WhenIsetoutonthejourney,itwasnotmyintentiontowriteaboutnon-
Muslimsasthemainactors.RatherIwantedtoassesshowthepeoplesof
theMiddleEastadaptedtothechangestheyexperiencedintheOttoman
Empire'slastcentury.InseekingtounderstandtheWest'simpactonthe
peoplesoftheOttomanEmpire,however,eachresearchavenueIembarked
uponledmebacktothenon-Muslims.Isimplycouldnotignorethe
communitieswherethatimpactwasfelt®rst.
TheresearchforthisprojectwasconductedprimarilyattheNational
ArchivesinDamascus,whereMme.Da
c
dal-Hakimwasgraciousand
helpfulasalways,thePrimeMinister'sArchiveinIstanbul,andthePublic
RecordsOf®ceinLondon.Iwanttothankthestaffofallthreeinstitutions
fortheirhelpandthegovernmentsoftheRepublicofTurkeyandthe
SyrianArabRepublicforgrantingmepermissiontoconductresearchin
theirstatearchives.Iwouldalsoliketothankthefundingbodiesthatmade
researchintheregionpossible.TheseincludetheFulbrightCommission,
theAmericanResearchInstituteinTurkey,andWesleyanUniversity.
Asaresultofitsratherlengthygestationperiod,thisstudyhasgone
throughseveraldifferentincarnations,hasbeenpresentedinpartatvarious
academicvenues,andhasbeencommenteduponbyvariouspeopleat
differenttimesandinavarietyofplaces.Partsofithaveappearedaspapers
deliveredatMiddleEasternStudiesAssociationconferencesoverthepast
decadeandalectureseriesattheNationalUniversityofIreland-Maynooth,
RepublicofIreland.Ihavealsodiscussedmyconclusionsattalksgivenat
Rice,Princetonand,whatwasformethemostpersonallysatisfying,before
mysocialsciencecolleaguesattheDavenportPublicAffairsCenter,
WesleyanUniversity.Ofthosewhohavecritiquedversionsofthework,
eitherinpartorintotoorotherwisegivenencouragement,Iwouldliketo
thankLeilaFawaz,DinaRizkKhoury,DanielGoffman,Abdul-Karim
Rafeq,MollyGreene,RuairãÂO
Â
hUiginn,andUssamaMakdisi.Ialso
wouldliketothankMarigoldAclandatCambridgeUniversityPressfor
x
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